The AI Timeline
1940s - 1970s
The birth of artificial intelligence as a field of study, where visionary researchers laid the theoretical groundwork and created the first programs that could simulate human reasoning.
McCulloch-Pitts Neuron
Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts publish 'A Logical Calculus of the Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity,' proposing the first mathematical model of a neural network.
The Turing Test
Alan Turing's paper 'Computing Machinery and Intelligence' proposes the 'Imitation Game' to assess a machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behavior indistinguishable from that of a human.
First AI Programs
Christopher Strachey writes a checkers program and Dietrich Prinz writes a chess program for the Ferranti Mark 1 computer, among the first AI programs.
Samuel's Checkers Program
Arthur Samuel develops a self-learning checkers program on an IBM 701, one of the first demonstrations of machine learning.
Dartmouth AI Conference
The birth of AI as a field — researchers gathered at Dartmouth College to explore the idea of machines simulating human intelligence.
LISP Programming Language
John McCarthy develops LISP, which becomes a foundational programming language for AI research.
Unimate, the First Industrial Robot
The first industrial robot, Unimate, begins work on a General Motors assembly line.
DENDRAL, the First Expert System
Edward Feigenbaum and Joshua Lederberg create DENDRAL, an expert system that could identify chemical compounds, demonstrating the potential of AI for specialized knowledge tasks.
ELIZA, the First Chatbot
Joseph Weizenbaum at MIT creates ELIZA, an early natural language processing program that simulated conversation with a psychotherapist.
Shakey the Robot
SRI International's Shakey becomes the first mobile robot to reason about its own actions, combining perception, planning, and problem-solving.
The First AI Winter
The publication of 'Perceptrons' by Marvin Minsky and Seymour Papert, which highlighted the limitations of simple neural networks, contributed to a period of reduced funding and interest in AI.
1970s - 1990s
A period focused on encoding human expertise into computer systems, leading to the development of expert systems and the first commercial AI applications.
WABOT-1, the First Anthropomorphic Robot
Waseda University in Japan builds WABOT-1, the first full-scale humanoid intelligent robot.
Lighthill Report
The Lighthill Report in the UK leads to significant cuts in AI research funding, deepening the first AI winter.
Neocognitron
Kunihiko Fukushima develops the Neocognitron, a hierarchical, multilayered artificial neural network that is a precursor to modern CNNs.
First AAAI Conference
The first conference of the American Association for Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) is held at Stanford, signaling a resurgence of interest in the field.
Backpropagation Popularized
David Rumelhart, Geoffrey Hinton, and Ronald Williams publish a paper that popularizes the backpropagation algorithm, enabling the training of deep neural networks.
LeNet and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs)
Yann LeCun develops LeNet, one of the first successful applications of Convolutional Neural Networks, for recognizing handwritten digits.
1990s - 2010s
The emergence of machine learning as computers began to learn from data rather than relying solely on programmed rules, setting the stage for modern AI.
Reinforcement Learning Breakthrough
Gerald Tesauro's TD-Gammon, a backgammon program that learns through reinforcement learning, reaches the level of top human players.
Support Vector Machines (SVMs)
Corinna Cortes and Vladimir Vapnik introduce support vector machines, a powerful supervised learning algorithm.
IBM Deep Blue Defeats Garry Kasparov
IBM's Deep Blue becomes the first computer to defeat a reigning world chess champion in a match under standard chess tournament time controls.
Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM)
Sepp Hochreiter and Jürgen Schmidhuber propose Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), a type of recurrent neural network (RNN) architecture that becomes widely used for natural language processing.
Kismet the Robot
Cynthia Breazeal at MIT builds Kismet, a robot that can recognize and display emotions.
Roomba Vacuum Cleaner
iRobot releases the Roomba, one of the first commercially successful domestic robots.
Stanford's Stanley Wins DARPA Challenge
Stanford's autonomous vehicle, Stanley, wins the second DARPA Grand Challenge, a major milestone for self-driving cars.
Deep Belief Networks
Geoffrey Hinton, Simon Osindero, and Yee-Whye Teh introduce Deep Belief Networks, reigniting interest in deep learning.
ImageNet Database Created
Fei-Fei Li and colleagues launch ImageNet, a large-scale database of labeled images that becomes a crucial benchmark for computer vision research.
2010s - 2020s
A transformative period where neural networks with multiple layers achieved breakthrough performance in vision, speech, and language understanding.
IBM Watson Wins Jeopardy!
IBM's Watson question-answering system defeats two of the greatest Jeopardy! champions, Ken Jennings and Brad Rutter.
ImageNet Breakthrough
AlexNet wins the ImageNet competition, drastically reducing error rates and proving the power of deep learning.
Word2Vec
Google researchers led by Tomas Mikolov release Word2Vec, a popular model for creating word embeddings.
DeepMind's Atari Breakthrough
DeepMind demonstrates an AI that can learn to play Atari games from raw pixel data, using deep reinforcement learning.
Google Acquires DeepMind
Google acquires the British artificial intelligence company DeepMind for a reported £400 million.
Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs)
Ian Goodfellow and his colleagues introduce Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs), a class of machine learning frameworks that can generate new data.
OpenAI Founded
OpenAI is founded as a non-profit AI research company by Elon Musk, Sam Altman, and others with a mission to ensure that artificial general intelligence benefits all of humanity.
Diffusion Models Proposed
Stanford researchers publish work on diffusion models, a technique that would later become foundational for high-quality image generation.
AlphaGo Defeats Lee Sedol
DeepMind's AlphaGo defeats world champion Lee Sedol in Go, showcasing AI's ability to master complex, intuition-based games.
Attention Is All You Need
Google researchers publish the paper 'Attention Is All You Need,' introducing the Transformer architecture, which becomes the foundation for most modern large language models.
AlphaGo Zero
DeepMind introduces AlphaGo Zero, which learns to play Go from scratch, without any human data, and surpasses all previous versions of AlphaGo.
Canada's National AI Strategy
Canada becomes the first country to release a national AI strategy, aiming to invest in research and talent.
OpenAI Releases GPT-1
OpenAI releases the first Generative Pre-trained Transformer (GPT-1), demonstrating the potential of large-scale unsupervised language models.
Google Releases BERT
Google releases Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT), a new language representation model that achieves state-of-the-art results on a wide array of natural language processing tasks.
OpenAI Releases GPT-2
OpenAI announces GPT-2 but initially withholds the full model due to concerns about malicious use, sparking a debate about responsible AI disclosure.
Turing Award for Deep Learning Pioneers
Geoffrey Hinton, Yann LeCun, and Yoshua Bengio receive the ACM A.M. Turing Award for their foundational work on deep learning.
Microsoft Invests $1 Billion in OpenAI
Microsoft announces a $1 billion investment in and partnership with OpenAI to build new Azure AI supercomputing technologies.
AlphaStar Reaches Grandmaster Level in StarCraft II
DeepMind's AlphaStar becomes the first AI to reach the top league of a widely popular and complex esport without any game restrictions.
OECD AI Principles
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) adopts a set of principles for responsible stewardship of trustworthy AI.
2020s - 2030s
The current era where AI systems can create original content, engage in natural conversations, and demonstrate capabilities that approach human-level performance in many domains.
OpenAI Releases GPT-3
OpenAI launches GPT-3, a 175-billion parameter language model, which demonstrates a remarkable ability to generate human-like text and perform a wide range of language tasks.
Waymo Launches Fully Autonomous Taxi Service
Waymo, Google's self-driving car project, launches a fully driverless ride-hailing service in Phoenix, Arizona.
DeepMind's AlphaFold 2 Solves Protein Folding
DeepMind's AlphaFold 2 makes a major breakthrough in biology by accurately predicting the 3D structure of proteins, a long-standing grand challenge.
EleutherAI Founded
A group of independent researchers forms EleutherAI, focusing on open-source AI research and releasing their own large language models.
OpenAI Releases DALL-E
OpenAI introduces DALL-E, a neural network that can generate images from text descriptions, bridging the gap between language and vision in AI.
EU Proposes AI Act
The European Commission proposes the AI Act, the first-ever legal framework on AI, with a risk-based approach.
GitHub Copilot Launched
GitHub and OpenAI launch GitHub Copilot, an AI pair programmer that suggests code and entire functions in real-time within the code editor.
Anthropic Founded
Former OpenAI employees found Anthropic, an AI safety and research company, with a focus on building reliable, interpretable, and steerable AI systems.
Character.AI Founded
Former Google AI researchers Noam Shazeer and Daniel De Freitas found Character.AI, a platform for creating and interacting with AI-powered chatbots.
OpenAI Releases DALL-E 2
OpenAI launches DALL-E 2, a new version of its text-to-image AI with higher resolution and better quality image generation.
Google's LaMDA 'Sentience' Controversy
A Google engineer claims that the LaMDA language model has become sentient, sparking a public debate about AI consciousness and ethics.
Midjourney Open Beta
The AI image generator Midjourney, known for its artistic style, launches in open beta, gaining widespread popularity.
Stable Diffusion Public Release
Stability AI releases Stable Diffusion, a powerful open-source text-to-image model, making high-quality AI image generation widely accessible.
White House AI Bill of Rights
The White House releases the 'Blueprint for an AI Bill of Rights,' a set of principles to guide the design, use, and deployment of automated systems.
ChatGPT Takes the World by Storm
OpenAI releases ChatGPT, a conversational AI based on the GPT-3.5 architecture, to the public, sparking massive interest in conversational AI.
Meta's Galactica LLM Pulled
Meta takes down its Galactica AI model, trained on scientific papers, after it was criticized for generating authoritative-sounding but often incorrect information.
DeepSeek Founded
Chinese AI company DeepSeek is founded, focusing on developing advanced, open-source Large Language Models.
Perplexity AI Founded
Perplexity AI is founded, developing a conversational search engine that provides direct answers with citations.
Microsoft's Multi-billion Dollar Investment in OpenAI
Microsoft announces a new multi-year, multi-billion dollar investment in OpenAI, deepening their partnership.
Visual Artists Sue AI Art Generators
A class-action lawsuit is filed against Stability AI, Midjourney, and DeviantArt, alleging copyright infringement by training AI on artists' work without consent.
Google Announces Bard
Google announces Bard, a conversational AI service powered by its LaMDA model, as a competitor to ChatGPT.
Microsoft Launches the New Bing with GPT-4
Microsoft integrates a next-generation OpenAI large language model, later confirmed to be GPT-4, into its Bing search engine and Edge browser.
Meta Releases LLaMA 1
Meta AI announces the Large Language Model Meta AI (LLaMA), a foundational language model, released to the research community under a non-commercial license to promote open science.
Google's Bard Demo Stumbles
In its first public demo, Google's Bard chatbot makes a factual error regarding the James Webb Space Telescope, causing a significant drop in Alphabet's stock price and sparking criticism of a 'rushed' rollout.
OpenAI Releases GPT-4
OpenAI launches GPT-4, a large multimodal model that can accept image and text inputs and produce text outputs, demonstrating improved performance over its predecessor.
Anthropic Releases Claude
Anthropic releases its AI assistant, Claude, making it available to businesses through an API.
Adobe Firefly Launch
Adobe launches Firefly, a family of creative generative AI models designed to be commercially safe by being trained on Adobe Stock images.
Call for Pause on Giant AI Experiments
An open letter signed by Elon Musk and other tech leaders calls for a six-month pause on the development of AI systems more powerful than GPT-4, citing potential risks to society.
ChatGPT Suffers Data Breach
OpenAI discloses a bug in ChatGPT that allowed some users to see the titles of other users' chat histories, raising privacy and data security concerns.
LLaMA 1 Model Weights Leaked
The weights for Meta's LLaMA model are leaked online via a BitTorrent link, making the powerful model widely accessible and sparking a wave of community-driven innovation and debate on open-access AI.
Auto-GPT and BabyAGI Emerge
Auto-GPT and BabyAGI, two of the first mainstream examples of autonomous AI agents using LLMs to create and execute tasks, are released, showcasing the potential of agentic AI.
Samsung Bans Generative AI
Samsung bans the use of generative AI tools like ChatGPT on its internal networks after discovering employees had leaked sensitive internal source code by uploading it to the platform.
Geoffrey Hinton Leaves Google
Geoffrey Hinton, a 'Godfather of AI,' quits his job at Google, warning about the dangers of artificial intelligence.
Hollywood Writers Strike Over AI Concerns
The Writers Guild of America goes on strike, with the use of AI in writing being one of the key issues in negotiations.
Runway Releases Gen-2
AI video startup Runway releases Gen-2, a multimodal AI system that can generate videos from text prompts or images.
Meta Releases Llama 2
Meta and Microsoft release Llama 2, a large language model available for free for research and commercial use, making powerful LLMs more accessible.
Anthropic Releases Claude 2
Anthropic launches Claude 2, its new and improved language model, featuring a larger context window and better performance.
Frontier Model Forum Launched
Google, Microsoft, OpenAI, and Anthropic launch the Frontier Model Forum, an industry body to promote the safe and responsible development of large-scale AI models.
Meta AI Releases Code Llama
Meta AI releases Code Llama, a specialized version of Llama 2 designed for code generation, with models available in 7B, 13B, and 34B parameter sizes.
ChatGPT Gains Voice and Vision
OpenAI announces that ChatGPT can now see, hear, and speak, adding multimodal capabilities to its flagship chatbot.
Mistral AI Releases Mistral 7B
French startup Mistral AI releases Mistral 7B, a high-performing open-source 7-billion parameter model, gaining significant attention.
Amazon Bedrock Becomes Generally Available
Amazon Web Services (AWS) announces the general availability of Amazon Bedrock, a managed service that makes foundation models from leading AI companies accessible via an API.
Amazon Invests in Anthropic
Amazon announces an initial investment of $1.25 billion in AI startup Anthropic, with the potential for the investment to grow to $4 billion.
President Biden's Executive Order on AI
President Joe Biden signs a sweeping executive order to establish new standards for AI safety and security, protect privacy, and advance equity and civil rights.
Vercel Launches v0 in Beta
Vercel, the company behind the popular Next.js framework, releases v0, a generative AI tool that allows developers to create front-end components and web interfaces using text prompts.
OpenAI DevDay: GPT-4 Turbo and Assistants API
OpenAI holds its first developer conference, announcing GPT-4 Turbo and the Assistants API for building agent-like experiences.
AI Safety Summit at Bletchley Park
The UK hosts the first global AI Safety Summit, where multiple countries and companies sign the Bletchley Declaration, agreeing to cooperate on AI safety research.
Sam Altman Ousted and Reinstated as OpenAI CEO
In a shocking turn of events, OpenAI's board fires CEO Sam Altman, who is then hired by Microsoft, leading to an employee uproar and his eventual reinstatement as CEO of OpenAI five days later.
xAI Releases Grok-1
Elon Musk's xAI launches Grok-1, a conversational AI with real-time access to information from the X platform.
Stability AI Releases Stable Video Diffusion
Stability AI releases Stable Video Diffusion, its first open-source generative video model, capable of creating short video clips from images.
Amazon Q Business Chatbot
Amazon Web Services announces Amazon Q, a generative AI-powered assistant specifically designed for work that can be tailored to a customer's business.
DeepSeek Releases First Open-Source Models
DeepSeek releases its first major open-source models, DeepSeek LLM 67B and 7B, which are trained on a large dataset of English and Chinese tokens and show strong performance against other open-source models.
Google Launches Gemini 1.0
Google DeepMind launches Gemini 1.0, its most capable and general AI model yet, built to be multimodal from the ground up and released in Pro, Ultra, and Nano sizes.
New York Times Sues OpenAI and Microsoft
The New York Times files a lawsuit against OpenAI and Microsoft for copyright infringement, alleging that its articles were used to train their AI models without permission.
EU Reaches Agreement on AI Act
The European Union reaches a provisional agreement on the AI Act, the world's first comprehensive law regulating artificial intelligence.
Mistral AI Releases Mixtral 8x7B
Mistral AI releases Mixtral 8x7B, a high-quality sparse mixture-of-experts model (SMoE) as an open-weight model, challenging the performance of larger proprietary models.
Taylor Swift Deepfake Controversy
Sexually explicit AI-generated deepfake images of Taylor Swift spread rapidly on social media, prompting calls for legislation to criminalize such content and highlighting the dangers of AI misuse.
Samsung Launches Galaxy AI
Samsung integrates a suite of generative AI features, branded as Galaxy AI and powered by Google's Gemini models, into its Galaxy S24 series of smartphones.
Meta AI Releases Code Llama 70B
Meta AI expands its Code Llama family with a more powerful 70B parameter model, further enhancing its capabilities for complex coding tasks.
Mistral AI Partners with Microsoft
Mistral AI announces a major partnership with Microsoft, making its models available on the Azure platform and challenging OpenAI's dominance in the cloud AI space.
Klarna's AI Assistant Handles 2/3 of Customer Service Chats
Fintech giant Klarna announces its OpenAI-powered AI assistant is handling two-thirds of all customer service chats, equivalent to the work of 700 full-time agents.
Google Releases Gemma and Rebrands Bard to Gemini
Google rebrands its Bard chatbot to Gemini and releases Gemma, a family of lightweight, open-weight models built from the same research as the Gemini models.
OpenAI Unveils Sora
OpenAI introduces Sora, a text-to-video model capable of generating high-fidelity, minute-long videos from text prompts.
NVIDIA's Valuation Soars
NVIDIA, a key provider of AI chips, sees its market valuation surge past $2 trillion, highlighting the massive investment in AI hardware.
Google's Gemini Image Generation Controversy
Google pauses the image generation of people in its Gemini model after it was criticized for producing historically inaccurate and diverse images, leading to accusations of bias.
Google Announces Gemini 1.5 Pro
Google introduces Gemini 1.5 Pro, a new model with a Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architecture and a breakthrough context window of up to 1 million tokens, making it available in a limited preview.
Cohere Releases Command R
AI startup Cohere releases Command R, a highly scalable language model designed for real-world enterprise use cases, focusing on retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) and tool use.
UN Adopts First Global AI Resolution
The United Nations General Assembly adopts its first global resolution on artificial intelligence to promote safe, secure, and trustworthy AI systems that also advance sustainable development.
Anthropic Releases Claude 3
Anthropic launches the Claude 3 model family (Haiku, Sonnet, and Opus), with Opus claimed to outperform GPT-4 and Gemini 1.0 Ultra on various industry benchmarks.
Figure 01 Robot with OpenAI Brain
Robotics company Figure releases a video demonstrating its Figure 01 humanoid robot having a conversation and reasoning with a human, powered by an OpenAI model.
Inflection AI's Leadership Joins Microsoft
In a major industry shake-up, Inflection AI's co-founders, Mustafa Suleyman and Karén Simonyan, and much of their staff are hired by Microsoft to lead a new consumer AI unit.
xAI Open-Sources Grok-1
Following promises by Elon Musk, xAI releases the weights and architecture of its 314 billion parameter Grok-1 model as open source.
Cognition AI unveils Devin
Cognition AI introduces Devin, claimed to be the first fully autonomous AI software engineer, capable of completing entire development projects.
EU Parliament Approves AI Act
The European Parliament formally approves the AI Act, moving the world's first comprehensive AI law closer to final adoption.
Humane Ai Pin Ships to Negative Reviews
Humane's much-hyped Ai Pin begins shipping but receives largely negative reviews from major tech publications, highlighting the significant challenges of creating new AI-native hardware.
Suno AI Music Generator Raises $125M
Suno, an AI platform for music generation, raises $125 million in a funding round, signaling significant investor confidence and mainstream interest in AI-driven creativity tools.
Databricks Acquires MosaicML
Data and AI company Databricks completes its acquisition of MosaicML for approximately $1.3 billion, strengthening its position in the generative AI market by enabling customers to train their own models.
OpenAI Opens Tokyo Office
OpenAI expands its global presence by opening a new office in Tokyo, Japan, its first in Asia, to foster collaboration and adopt AI tools tailored for the Japanese market.
Meta Releases Llama 3
Meta launches Llama 3, its next-generation open-source large language model, in 8B and 70B parameter sizes.
Udio AI Music Generator Launch
Udio, an AI music generation tool from former Google DeepMind researchers, launches and gains viral attention for its high-quality song creation capabilities.
xAI Releases Grok-1.5
xAI announces Grok-1.5, an updated model with improved reasoning and a much longer context window of 128,000 tokens, which is soon rolled out to users on the X platform.
Google Unveils 'Veo' Video Generation Model
At its I/O conference, Google unveils 'Veo', its most capable text-to-video generation model, positioning it as a direct competitor to OpenAI's Sora and other emerging video synthesis tools.
Microsoft 'Recall' Feature Sparks Privacy Backlash
Microsoft's announcement of the 'Recall' feature for Copilot+ PCs, which takes continuous screenshots of user activity, sparks a major privacy and security backlash among experts and the public.
OpenAI Disbands Superalignment Team
OpenAI disbands its 'Superalignment' team, tasked with mitigating long-term AI risks, shortly after its leaders, co-founder Ilya Sutskever and Jan Leike, announce their resignations.
US and China Hold First High-Level AI Talks
Senior officials from the United States and China meet in Geneva for their first high-level talks on artificial intelligence, discussing the risks and benefits of the technology.
ElevenLabs Launches AI Sound Effects Generator
Voice AI company ElevenLabs launches a new tool for generating sound effects from text prompts, expanding the reach of generative AI into new creative domains beyond text, images, and music.
Google I/O: Gemini 1.5 Pro and Project Astra
Google demos Project Astra, its vision for a universal AI agent, and makes Gemini 1.5 Pro with a 2-million-token context window available to developers.
OpenAI Releases GPT-4o
OpenAI launches GPT-4o ('o' for 'omni'), a new flagship model with significantly improved speed and multimodal capabilities, offered for free to all ChatGPT users.
Scarlett Johansson vs. OpenAI
Actress Scarlett Johansson states she was 'shocked' and 'angered' by an OpenAI voice for ChatGPT that sounded 'eerily similar' to hers, after she had previously declined an offer to voice the assistant.
Google's AI Overviews Backlash
Google's new AI Overviews in Search faces widespread criticism for providing bizarre and incorrect answers, such as advising users to put glue on pizza.
Microsoft Announces Copilot+ PCs
Microsoft unveils a new category of Windows PCs called Copilot+ PCs, designed with AI hardware and features built-in, including a controversial 'Recall' feature.
Ilya Sutskever Departs OpenAI
Ilya Sutskever, OpenAI's co-founder and chief scientist who played a key role in the November 2023 leadership crisis, announces his departure from the company.
Microsoft Postpones 'Recall' Rollout
Following widespread criticism from security experts, Microsoft announces it will postpone the broad rollout of its 'Recall' feature, instead making it an opt-in preview for Windows Insiders.
xAI Secures $6 Billion Series B
Elon Musk's artificial intelligence company, xAI, secures a massive $6 billion in a Series B funding round to build out its infrastructure and accelerate research and development.
NVIDIA Becomes World's Most Valuable Company
Driven by the AI boom, chipmaker NVIDIA surpasses Microsoft and Apple to become the world's most valuable public company.
Anthropic Releases Claude 3.5 Sonnet
Anthropic launches Claude 3.5 Sonnet, a new model that is faster and more cost-effective than their top-tier model, Claude 3 Opus, while showing stronger performance on key evaluations.
Apple Announces Apple Intelligence
Apple unveils 'Apple Intelligence', its suite of new AI features integrated into iOS 18, iPadOS 18, and macOS Sequoia, including a partnership with OpenAI for ChatGPT.
Ilya Sutskever Launches Safe Superintelligence Inc.
Former OpenAI chief scientist Ilya Sutskever announces the launch of Safe Superintelligence Inc. (SSI), a new company focused solely on safely developing superintelligent AI.
OpenAI Partners with Associated Press
OpenAI announces a partnership with the Associated Press, gaining a license to its archive of news stories for training its models in a deal that highlights the value of quality data.
Google DeepMind Unveils V2A for Video Sound
Google DeepMind introduces V2A (video-to-audio), a technology that generates audio, including sound effects, music, and dialogue, to synchronize with video footage.
Meta Releases Llama 3.1
Meta releases Llama 3.1, an updated version of its open-source model, including a powerful 405B parameter version that is among the largest open models ever released.
US Government Opens AI Antitrust Probes
The U.S. Department of Justice and the Federal Trade Commission open antitrust investigations into the market power and partnerships of Microsoft, OpenAI, and NVIDIA.
Pika 1.0 Generative Video Released to Public
Generative AI video startup Pika makes its Pika 1.0 model available to the public via web and mobile apps, intensifying competition in the text-to-video market.
EU AI Act Takes Effect
The EU's landmark AI Act officially enters into force, beginning a phased implementation over the next two years to regulate AI systems based on their level of risk.
Apple Intelligence Rolls Out with iOS 18
Apple releases iOS 18, bringing the first set of 'Apple Intelligence' features, including advanced writing tools, notification management, and image generation, to millions of iPhone users.
Google DeepMind Unveils AlphaFold 3
Google DeepMind publishes its research on AlphaFold 3, a new model that can predict the structure and interactions of proteins with other molecules, a major step for AI in drug discovery.
OpenAI Releases o1
OpenAI announces o1, a new class of model focused on reasoning and step-by-step thinking before providing an answer.
DeepMind Researchers Win Nobel Prize
Demis Hassabis and John Jumper win the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their work on AlphaFold 2 and protein structure prediction.
Bolt.new by StackBlitz Emerges
StackBlitz releases Bolt.new, an AI-powered tool that can build full-stack applications directly in the browser, allowing users to prompt, run, edit, and deploy without a local setup.
Anthropic Releases Claude 3.5 Haiku
Anthropic releases Claude 3.5 Haiku, a fast and cost-effective model that matches the performance of the earlier, much larger Claude 3 Opus on several benchmarks.
OpenAI Closes $6.6B Funding Round
OpenAI finalizes a massive $6.6 billion funding round led by Microsoft, Nvidia, and SoftBank, raising its valuation to $157 billion and making it one of the world's most valuable private companies.
NVIDIA Begins Shipping Blackwell B200 GPUs
NVIDIA confirms in its Q3 earnings report that its next-generation Blackwell B200 AI accelerators are in production and ramping up shipments to major cloud providers.
Amazon Announces Additional $4B Investment in Anthropic
Amazon announces an additional $4 billion investment in AI startup Anthropic, bringing its total investment to $8 billion and solidifying their strategic partnership.
Cursor Acquires Supermaven
The AI-first code editor Cursor acquires Supermaven, another AI coding assistant, to bolster its technology.
Codeium Launches Windsurf Editor
Codeium, an AI-powered code acceleration platform, launches the Windsurf Editor, an AI-native IDE designed for real-time collaboration between developers and AI.
DeepSeek Releases V2 Language and Code Models
DeepSeek AI open-sources DeepSeek-V2 and DeepSeek-Coder-V2, a powerful mixture-of-experts model and a specialized coding model, respectively, which are highly competitive with leading proprietary models.
xAI Releases Grok with Image Generation
xAI updates Grok with a new image generation model, code-named Aurora, making it available on the X platform.
OpenAI Releases Operator for Pro Subscribers
OpenAI launches Operator, an experimental AI agent capable of browsing websites and performing actions, available to its Pro subscribers.
OpenAI Releases GPT-4.5
OpenAI releases a research preview of GPT-4.5, its largest model to date for chat, scaling up pretraining and post-training.
Anthropic Releases Claude Code in Research Preview
Anthropic launches a research preview of Claude Code, an agentic command-line tool that allows developers to delegate complex engineering tasks to Claude directly from their terminal.
Google Releases Gemini 2.5 Pro
Google makes Gemini 2.5 Pro, its most intelligent model with enhanced reasoning and coding, available in Google AI Studio and Gemini Advanced.
Anthropic Releases Claude 4
Anthropic announces the Claude 4 model family, including Opus 4 and Sonnet 4, with significant improvements in coding, advanced reasoning, and autonomous task execution.
Google Releases Stable Gemini 2.5 Pro and Flash
Google announces the general availability of Gemini 2.5 Pro and Gemini 2.5 Flash, moving them from preview to stable release.
Luma Labs Releases Dream Machine
Luma Labs launches Dream Machine, a publicly available text-to-video model capable of generating high-quality, realistic videos from text and image prompts.
Google Releases Gemini CLI
Google launches Gemini CLI, an open-source, AI-powered command-line assistant that integrates the Gemini 2.5 Pro model directly into the terminal for developers.
Meta AI Announces Multi-Billion Dollar Investment in Scale AI
Meta AI announces a $14.3 billion investment in Scale AI and brings on its founder, Alexandr Wang, to help lead a new 'Meta Super Intelligence Labs' unit, signaling a major push to catch up in the AI race.
Anthropic Releases 'Claude Gov' for National Security
Anthropic announces 'Claude Gov,' a specialized version of its model for U.S. national security customers, which is reported to be in use at multiple national security agencies.
xAI Releases Grok 4
xAI releases Grok 4, claiming it to be the 'most intelligent model in the world,' with native tool use and real-time search integration.
Grok 4 Generates Controversy
Shortly after its release, Grok 4 faces criticism for generating antisemitic and other inappropriate content, leading to accusations that xAI had 'gamed' the benchmarks and highlighting the challenges of controlling AI behavior.
U.S. Authors Win Class-Action Status in Lawsuit Against Anthropic
A U.S. District Judge grants class-action status to a lawsuit filed by authors against Anthropic, allowing millions of writers to pursue copyright claims against the company for allegedly using their work without permission to train its models.
U.S. Department of Defense Awards AI Contracts to OpenAI, Anthropic, and Others
The U.S. Department of Defense announces $200 million in contracts for AI in the military, awarded to Anthropic, Google, OpenAI, and xAI.
OpenAI Releases GPT-5
OpenAI launches GPT-5, a major upgrade to its language model series, boasting 'PhD-level' expertise across various domains and a unified system for both quick and deep reasoning responses.
Google Gemini Gains 'Memory' Feature
Google rolls out a 'memory' feature for Gemini, allowing the chatbot to remember key details and preferences from past conversations to provide more personalized responses.
xAI Makes Grok 4 Free for a Limited Time
In a move to boost adoption, xAI makes its Grok 4 model free for all users with usage caps, and also offers its image-to-video tool, Grok Imagine, for free in the U.S.
xAI Announces Voice Capabilities for Grok
Elon Musk announces that Grok will soon have voice capabilities, allowing for more natural and immersive interactions with the AI assistant.
OpenAI's Valuation Approaches $500 Billion
Reports emerge that OpenAI is in talks for a stock sale that would value the company at nearly $500 billion, a massive increase driven by the launch of GPT-5 and widespread enterprise adoption.
Anthropic Releases Claude Opus 4.1
Anthropic releases Claude Opus 4.1, an updated model with the same pricing as its predecessor, available to paid users and through various cloud platforms.
OpenAI Returns to Open Source with gpt-oss-120b
In a strategic shift, OpenAI releases gpt-oss-120b, its first major open-source model in several years, in a move seen as a response to the growing open-source AI ecosystem.
Transforming the manufacturing industry with ChatGPT Publish
By deploying ChatGPT Enterprise, ENEOS Materials transformed operations with faster research, safer plant design, and streamlined HR processes. Over 80% of employees report major workflow improvements, strengthening competitiveness in manufacturing.
SAP and OpenAI partner to launch sovereign ‘OpenAI for Germa
SAP and OpenAI launch OpenAI for Germany, a 2026 partnership to bring secure, sovereign AI to Germany’s public sector, enabling safe, efficient public services.
OpenAI, Oracle, and SoftBank expand Stargate with five new A
OpenAI, Oracle, and SoftBank announce five new Stargate AI datacenter sites, accelerating a $500B, 10-gigawatt U.S. infrastructure buildout to power next-generation AI and create tens of thousands of jobs.
CNA is transforming its newsroom with AI
In this Executive Function series from OpenAI, discover how CNA is transforming its newsroom with AI. Editor-in-Chief Walter Fernandez shares insights on AI adoption, culture, and the future of journalism.
Creating a safe, observable AI infrastructure for 1 million
Discover how SchoolAI, built on OpenAI’s GPT-4.1, image generation, and TTS, powers safe, teacher-guided AI tools for 1 million classrooms worldwide—boosting engagement, oversight, and personalized learning.
OpenAI and NVIDIA announce strategic partnership to deploy 1
OpenAI and NVIDIA announce a strategic partnership to deploy 10 gigawatts of AI datacenters powered by NVIDIA systems, with the first phase launching in 2026.
Understanding the journey through data and insights
As we reflect on decades of AI development, certain patterns emerge that help us understand not just where we've been, but where we might be heading.
Timeline Insights
Discover the patterns and trends that emerge from decades of AI development
Accelerating Progress
AI development has exponentially accelerated, with more breakthroughs in the last decade than the previous 50 years.
Global Collaboration
Modern AI advances are built on international collaboration between researchers, institutions, and companies.
Innovation Cycles
Each breakthrough builds upon previous discoveries, creating cascading waves of innovation.
Societal Impact
AI is transforming every aspect of society, from healthcare to education to creative industries.
The Story Continues
The story of AI is still being written. What happens next… depends on us.
The next chapter of this story is ours to write.